Methods
Blattella germanica were decapitated and dissected. The midguts were removed and the gregarines were gently cleaned from the intestinal material and placed into 0.9% saline. Then, they were put into a modified culture media (Abe and Aoyama, 1979) in petri dishes and observed over the course of 5 days.
A ten centimeter quartz trough was half filled with 2% agar made with a simplified culture media (Table 1) and isoelectric point focusing was applied. Then a layer of solution was added to allow use of the non-invasive vibrating probe to measure the pH gradient (Fig. 2).